Breathing Matters was established 10 years ago with the aim of finding better treatments for interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and lung infections. Since that time, we have raised money and awareness into these often neglected conditions. Looking back over the 10years, we have come much further than any of us would have anticipated in the beginning. We have established new theories on the development of ILD or lung fibrosis and the role of the immune system in particular the clotting cascade and neutrophils. We also have better ways of monitoring and diagnosing these conditions and our novel nuclear medicine imaging programme and relatively non-invasive lung biopsy service are the first in the UK. We are about to start to trial a novel therapy in IPF, C21, which we began working even before Breathing Matters was conceived. We could not have achieved any of this without the support of our funders and our patients, so thank you all. This review highlights our achievements to date and our future directions in ILD.
RELATIVELY NON-INVASIVE LUNG CRYOBIOPSY (2014-ONGOING):
Objective: To find a less invasive and better diagnostic tool for every patient with ILD
Main benefactors: Teresa Timberlake and family – equipment purchase; Lawrence Matz Memorial Fund – Clinical Fellow
Breathing Matters investment: £52,000 salary; £36,000 (total £88,000)
Leveraged funding: £347,000
Outcomes:
- Novel cryobiopsy service, first in the UK including training other centres; presentations at European Respiratory Society (2015 and 2018), British Thoracic Society (2014-6);
- Completed Lung-INHALE study Study (2019) to assess inhaled drug deposition using CLB. This will allow drug companies to develop inhaled therapies for IPF and be sure that they are reaching the part of the lung where they are needed. The use of inhaled therapy will avoid some of the side-effects of anti-fibrotic drugs that are taken as tablets. Paper submitted 2021 and once accepted will be available on BM website
This project was developed in discussion with a family whose mother had had a surgical lung biopsy towards the end of her life. Her experience was such that her family felt that a less invasive alternative must be available. Dr Theresia Mikolasch, the Lawrence Matz Clinical Fellow, took this on for Breathing Matters to find out about and train in new techniques. Dr Mikolasch then returned to UCLH and established the first and only UK cryoscopic lung biopsy (CLB) service. CLB is a new way of obtaining larger lung biopsies using a flexible bronchoscope passed into the lungs through the mouth. The patient is sedated and surgery is avoided. This is not only better for the patient than a surgical lung biopsy, but also provides a solution to the lack of biopsy samples available for scientific research. GSK were so excited by the technique that they awarded Dr Mikolasch and Dr Porter a grant of over £300,000 to carry on the service for an additional 3 years.
NOVEL FDG-PET IMAGING TO PREDICT PROGNOSIS AND RESPONSE TO TREATMENT IN ILD (2014-ONGOING):
Objective: To find a new test (biomarker) that will enable us to predict prognosis and response to treatment in each individual patient.
Breathing Matters investment: £34,766
Leveraged funding: £173,850
Funding from BLF for clinical trial of FDG-PET in post transplant bronchiolitis £40,000
Outcomes: Novel FDG-PET imaging programme in ILD – first in the UK; presentations at American Nuclear Medicine Society (2015), British Thoracic Society (2015-9); American Thoracic Society (2017 and 2019)
Publications:
- Pulmonary 18F-FDG uptake helps refine current risk stratification in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Win T, Screaton NJ, Porter JC, Ganeshan B, Maher TM, Fraioli F, Endozo R, Shortman RI, Hurrell L, Holman BF, Thielemans K, Rashidnasab A, Hutton BF, Lukey PT, Flynn A, Ell PJ, Groves AM. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 May;45(5):806-815. doi: 10.1007/s00259-017-3917-8. Epub 2018 Jan 16.
- Synergistic application of pulmonary 18F-FDG PET/HRCT and computer-based CT analysis with conventional severity measures to refine current risk stratification in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Fraioli F, Lyasheva M, Porter JC, Bomanji J, Shortman RI, Endozo R, Wan S, Bertoletti L, Machado M, Ganeshan B, Win T, GroveEur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019 Sep;46(10):2023-2031s AM.
Next steps:
- FDG-PET will be used as a response biomarker to see if we can detect which patients benefit from anti-fibrotic therapy and which patients do not benefit. We are applying to the NIHR for a £400,000 grant to carry out this study:
- We and others have shown that patients with IPF are more prone to blood clots. We have some very exciting work looking at anticoagulation in IPF. We have completed 2/3rds of the study before halting for COVID work, but hope to complete the study and then publish our findings later in 2021 (see below).
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) consists of a heterogeneous group of diseases with varying amounts of interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. Survival in the most severe form of lung fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or IPF, is particularly poor; however, there is heterogeneity in outcome. Some patients gradually deteriorate; some undergo stepwise progression, whilst others decline rapidly. Moreover, much of the prognostic data heralds from an era when the criteria for diagnosing IPF were less well and differently defined than at present. There is a definite need to find prognostic biomarkers to predict outcome in IPF patients
Positron emission tomography (PET) offers the ability to non-invasively investigate cellular metabolism in vivo. PET studies in animals have yielded valuable insights into the biology of IPF and ILD and there is potentially encouraging evidence that PET may aid the development of therapeutic interventions to treat these debilitating conditions. It has been recently demonstrated that 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET signal is consistently raised and can be objectively measured in patients with IPF. Moreover, these PET signals are shown to be stable and reproducible.
We have shown over several years and imaging hundreds of patients with ILD that the baseline measures of pulmonary 18F-FDG PET signal to predict survival in patients with IPF compared to other more established prognostic data. We have also shown that combing PET data with our clinical scoring system based on gender, age and physiology (GAP) data (“PET modified GAP score”) refined the ability to predict mortality.
Future studies are to investigate the role of FDG-PET scanning in other ILDs, such as Rheumatoid arthritis (see below) and systemic sclerosis.
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) ASSOCIATED ILD (2018-ONGOING):
Objective: To discover why 1:5 patients with RA will develop lung fibrosis and what novel treatment can prevent disease progression.
Breathing Matters investment: £34,766
Leveraged funding: £102,766
Outcomes: Novel biomarker test for neutrophils extracellular traps (NETS) in ILD in discussion with UCL business for further development; presentations at American College of Rheumatology (2014-6); British Thoracic Society (2016); British Rheumatology Society (2014-6);
Publications:
- The lung in a cohort of rheumatoid arthritis patients-an overview of different types of involvement and treatment. Duarte AC, Porter JC, Leandro MJ. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019 Nov 1;58(11):2031-2038. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez177.
- Autoimmune rheumatic disease IgG has differential effects upon neutrophil integrin activation that is modulated by the endothelium. Khawaja AA, Pericleous C, Ripoll VM, Porter JC, Giles IP. Sci Rep. 2019 Feb 4;9(1):1283. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37852-5.
- Identification of a novel HIF-1α-αMβ2 Integrin-NETosis axis in fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Khawaja AK, Chong DLW, Sahota J, Pericleous C, Ripoli VM, Booth HL, Khan S, Rodriguez-Justo M, Giles IP, Porter JC. Frontiers in Immunology; 2020
Next steps:
- To work with a group in Cold Spring Harbour, USA to see if inhibiting NET formation prevents fibrosis.
- To see if the presence of NETs in the blood can predict whether patients will develop lung fibrosis.
RA is a chronic debilitating disease estimated to afflict 13% of the world population. Around 10% of patients with RA will develop an ILD that is very similar to the lung fibrosis that we see with IPF. Dr Akif Khawaja was funded by Rosetrees and UCL to carry out a PhD into the aetiology of RA-ILD. His work proposed that RA is a disease that starts in the lung. That chronic lung damage caused by smoking, infection and other insults causes the immune response to recognize the lungs and joints as “foreign” and attack them causing chronic damage. His work implicated neutrophils in this process and, in particular, the p38 MAPkinase pathway. We are hoping to develop a new test using blood or sputum to detect early activation of neutrophils in the lungs of patients at risk of ILD. This same test may act as a biomarker for prognosis and to detect early response to novel therapies.
A TRIAL OF ANTICOAGULATION IN IPF (2016-ONGOING):
Objective: To assess the potential of anticoagulation as a treatment for IPF
Main benefactors: The Hulme Family – The Mark Hulme Clinical Fellow
Breathing Matters investment: £40,000
Leveraged funding: £100,000 from UCL/H NIHR BRC
Next steps: A trial of anticoagulation with heparin in IPF using FDG-PET as a response biomarker
At present, we do not know the exact cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), although research has identified lots of processes that are likely to be involved. Currently, we believe that microscopic injury occurs in patients with IPF and then the body responds to repair this, but does so in a way that leads to more damage and scarring. One of the processes involved in repair pathway is coagulation, which minimises blood loss when tissues are damaged. Patients with IPF are at increased risk of blood clots and this can reduce their already low life expectancy. We also think that these blood clots drive the worsening of their lung disease. Researchers have shown that clotting is over-activated in the lungs of IPF patients and we want to investigate how reducing this might improve the disease. Based on work carried out at UCL, we believe that anticoagulation with heparin is safe and may even prevent disease progression in IPF. Patients will be asked if they would be willing to take the oral anticoagulant dabigitran for 3 weeks, to reduce clotting. We will perform blood tests and FDG-PET scans before and after taking the drug to judge response. If we find that the heparin is safe and the patients report some improvement that we can confirm with questionnaires lung function and FDG-PET scans, then we will progress to leverage funding for a much bigger trial. Unfortunately, the study had to be put on hold with the COVID pandemic – we have completed 2/3rds of this study and have analysed the results. We have found a small effect and the suggestion is that we look in a few more patients that we will recruit early in the New Year.
A TRIAL OF A NOVEL TREATMENT (COMPOUND X) IN IPF (2019-2022):
Objective: To assess the potential of Compound X as a treatment for IPF
Main benefactors: NIHR BRC £100,000
Breathing Matters investment: £40,000
Leveraged funding: Application to British Thoracic Society, Wellcome Trust and NIHE.
Next steps: A trial of Compound 21 in patients with IPF
Assessing effectiveness of treatments for IPF is difficult as often they do not make patients feel better, despite decelerating disease. Currently, we are guided by regular breathing tests and special imaging of the lungs, which are insensitive to changes and may be unpleasant for patients. We need better tests like a simple blood test to predict the prognosis for individual patients, and their responses to treatment. Causes of IPF are unknown, but we have found that specific white blood cells, called neutrophils, are increased in the lungs of patients with IPF. We also found that the more neutrophils in the lungs, the faster the decline from IPF. This suggests that neutrophils are actively worsening IPF. Neutrophils produce a substance called X that we detect in the bloodstream of patients with IPF. No-one has investigated whether X causes or worsens IPF. We plan to quantify X in the blood and lungs of patients with IPF. By comparing X levels in patients with IPF against healthy individuals, this will establish whether X is increased in patients, whether high levels of X indicate more severe IPF and whether treatment for IPF reduces X levels in patients that respond. These results will ultimately help design future clinical trials testing Compound X that is able to block X as a treatment for IPF.
UNDERSTANDING MUCIN 5B AND ITS ROLE IN IPF (2019-2022):
Objective: To assess the role of Muc5B in IPF
Main benefactors: NIHR £300,000
Breathing Matters investment: £40,000
Next steps: Further investigations in patients with IPF of the effects of blocking neutrophil activation
Publications:
- Mucins and their receptors in chronic lung disease. Denneny E, Sahota J, Beatson R, Thornton D, Burchell J, Porter JC. Clinical and Translational Immunology 2020
It is unclear what causes IPF, but it is thought to be a response to damage to the lining of the airways (epithelium) following an unidentified injury. This results in the
formation of excessive scar tissue which disrupts the delicate architecture of the lung and ultimately death follows from respiratory failure. We have shown from research previously sponsored by The Rosetrees Trust that a certain type of white blood cell which is specialised in fighting infections called neutrophils may play a role in PF. We have found that neutrophils are increased in the blood and lungs of patients with PF and the more neutrophils you have, the worse the individual’s outcome. In addition, it is recognised that you are more likely to develop IPF if you have a commonly occurring genetic mutation that causes increased mucus production by the lung epithelium, and in particular a protein called Mucin or MUC5B that gives sputum its stringy quality. We propose that the overproduction of MUC5B may stress the epithelium, making it more prone to damage and scarring. In addition, the increased MUC5B will attract and activate neutrophils from the blood and these white blood cells can cause further damage. We hope that, by identifying treatments that limit the number of neutrophils moving into the lung, we can protect patients from developing PF or from PF progressing. We will use neutrophils and epithelial samples form patients and healthy volunteers to compare differences and see how the MUC5B affects neutrophil activation in the lung. Lastly, we plan to block neutrophil activation and recruitment with a specific treatment that is already being developed for other indications and has an excellent safety profile. If our results are encouraging, we can take this medication into an early clinical trial for patients with IPF.
We have also shown that we can detect very early changes in the CT scans of patients that make too much Muc5B and this might be a very early sign, even before the scan looks abnormal, that these patients are at risk of lung disease.
REMOTE MONITORING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE INCLUDING IPF (2021-2024):
Objective: To assess how feasible it is to monitor patients with chronic lung disease remotely to pick up deterioration in a more timely fashion
Main benefactors: NIHR and overseas PhD sponsor ~£120,000
Breathing Matters investment: £20,000
Next steps: We hope to start the study in early 2021
Mr Malik Althobiani, a respiratory therapist, has been sponsored to undertake a PhD with Professor Jo Porter to investigate the potential of remote monitoring or patients with lung diseases including IPF. As outpatient appointments have been disrupted because of COVID-19 and access to breathing tests is limited due to the risk of spreading the virus, it is increasingly important to be able to monitor people with lung problems at home. For people who have developed COVID, monitoring their recovery at home is also important. Our research is designed to understand if remote monitoring of lung health and disease using wearable sensors, spirometers and pulse oximeters is possible. If so, such wearable sensors could be used to detect worsening of an underlying condition without putting patients in situations with a high risk of exposure to COVID.
Our research will evaluate whether remote monitoring of signs (such as heart rate and oxygen saturation) and symptoms (such as shortness of breath or reduced exercise tolerance) and lung function (such as walk tests and spirometry using wearable sensors and questionnaires is feasible.
If you are a UCLH patient and want to get involved in any of the above studies, please discuss this with your consultant.
[Updated, January 2021, J Porter]
The post ILD Clinical Trials Annual Report appeared first on Breathing Matters - UCL Respiratory.
The interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of over 200 different diseases that may result in lung inflammation or (in the worst case) pulmonary fibrosis (PF). There are many different aetiologies for ILD/PF and in some cases, we do not know the cause, so called ‘idiopathic’. One of the questions that we at Breathing Matters want to answer is can COVID-19 give you pulmonary fibrosis? There are a few clues that this might be the case. Other coronaviruses such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) have been reported to cause PF in a small percentage of patients, but of course the numbers of patients affected by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, will be much greater so, even if only a small percentage are affected, the numbers may still be very large. The diagnosis of ILD/PF is suggested by a clinical finding of breathlessness and abnormal lung function. The diagnosis is then confirmed with a CT scan of the chest.
Initial studies from China, Italy and the UK have remarkably similar findings. Of patients with COVID-19 discharged from a hospital in China, nearly half had abnormal lung function (Mo X, et al. European Respiratory Journal 55: 2001217, 2020). Data from Leeds of patients with COVID-19 discharged from hospital showed that the majority (75% of those admitted to intensive care, and 65% of those admitted to the regular wards) still suffered from fatigue at 6 to 8 weeks post discharge. The number suffering from continual breathlessness was also high (70% of those admitted to intensive care, and 45% of those admitted to the ward). (Halpin S et al. Journal Medical Virology, First published: 30 July 2020, DOI: (10.1002/jmv.26368). An Italian study from Rome found that at 60 days around 55% of patients were suffering from fatigue and 40% from breathlessness. It is unclear what is the cause of these high levels of breathlessness, but a study from Austria is following their patients up in more detail at 6, 12 and 24 weeks after discharge. So far, they have found that at 6 weeks 47% of patients are short of breath and this falls to 39% at 12 weeks. In addition, 33% have abnormal lung function suggestive of lung fibrosis, but this falls to 22% at 12 weeks. Of course, to diagnose lung fibrosis requires at CT scan of the chest and they found that CT scans suggested an interstitial lung disease (ILD) or lung fibrosis in 88% falling to 56% at 12 weeks. However, it is also important to know how much of the lung is affected, and many of the studies do not clarify this, but just comment on whether ILD is present or not. The result is that it is hard to know whether these patients had minimal or significant ILD changes on the CT scan. Clearly, Breathing Matters will be looking out for the 24 week data.
Our own experience is that of around 800 patients seen at UCLH with COVID-19, around 8% have persistent or slowly resolving CT changes at 5 months suggestive of interstitial lung involvement. Our main priority at the moment is to analyse our data from the ‘first wave’ to see how common the development of ILD/ PF is in these patients, how much of the lung is affected and what the critical contributory factors are. It may be that this virus and the enormous numbers of patients that have been infected will shed some light on the pathogenesis of other ILD/PF diseases.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers are investigating how the virus causes lung damage, in order to help identify treatment strategies. There is some overlap between the mechanisms being studied in COVID-19 and Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). One of these is the production of structures known as ‘NETs’ in the lungs. A clinical trial currently led by Professor Porter at UCL aims to understand whether targeting these NETs improves outcomes for COVID-19 patients. This continues a line of work investigating the role of NETs in ILD.
NETs is short for Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. They contain DNA, enzymes, and proteins, and are produced by the neutrophil (a white blood cell) to fight infection. The role of NETs in COVID-19 pneumonia is also under investigation. A study published last year showed that some of the markers of NETs used in Professor Porter’s ILD study were found in blood samples from COVID-19 patients (2). The levels of these markers correlated with other blood tests known to signify inflammation. Furthermore, adding blood samples from patients with COVID-19 to healthy neutrophils in the lab caused them to produce NETs. This could mean that NET production is related to lung damage in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Further research is needed to determine whether NETs are a cause or by-product of lung damage in these diseases. However, knowing that NETs are associated with severe COVID-19, and that they are present in the lungs of patients with ILD, means that they could be used as a ‘biomarker’ – a molecular signal of lung damage. Promisingly, it could mean that reducing the activity of NETs in the lungs is a potential treatment strategy in the future.
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Professor Jo Porter, our Medical Director, has had an article published in the Respiratory Health Supplement in The Guardian today (22.6.21), explaining research into the impact of COVID-19 on lung fibrosis
